There is a significant community of Brazilians in Japan, consisting largely but not exclusively of Brazilians of Japanese ethnicity.
[edit] Migration history
In June 1990, Japan amended its Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Law in response to the huge increases in illegal workers seen during the 1980s; one major change, among others, was to permit the entry of Japanese descendants, or nikkeijin, up to the third generation, along with their spouses.[1] This sparked a huge influx of guest workers from Latin America. By 1998, there were 222,217 Brazilians in Japan, making up 81% of all Latin Americans there.[2]
In April of 2009, the Japanese government introduced a new programme that would incentivise Brazilian and other Latin American immigrants to return home with a stipend of $3000 for airfare and $2000 for each dependent. Those who participate most agree not to pursue employment in Japan in the future.[3]
[edit] Integration and community
Brazilians of Japanese descent in particular find themselves the targets of class prejudice; some local Japanese scorn them as the descendants of "social dropouts" who emigrated from Japan because they were "giving up" on Japanese society, whereas others perceive them more as objects of pity than scorn, people who were forced into emigrating by unfortunate circumstances beyond their control such as birth order or lack of opportunities in rural areas.[4]
[edit] Education
- International Press (newspaper)
- IPC (television station)
- Tudo Bem (magazine)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] Sources
- Tsuda, Takeyuki (2003), Strangers in the ethnic homeland: Japanese Brazilian return migration in transnational perspective, Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231128384
- De Carvalho, Daniela (2002), Migrants and identity in Japan and Brazil: the Nikkeijin, Routledge, ISBN 9780700717057
[edit] Further reading
- Maeda, Hitomi (2007), Japanese Brazilians in Japan: A Formula of Assessing the Degree of Social Integration, Verlag Dr. Müller, ISBN 9783836425384
- Linger, Daniel T. (2001), No One Home: Brazilian Selves Remade in Japan, Stanford University Press, ISBN 9780804739108
- Roth, Joshua Hotaka (2000), Brokered Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Migrants in Japan, The Anthropology of Contemporary Issues, Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-8808-5